CNC press brake axis: Mastering Configurations from 2-Axis to 8+1 for Pro Results

ByFrancis Pan

Francis Pan

Introduction

CNC press brake is a kind of press brake controlled by computer numerical control system. It can bend metal plates into various shapes. It is suitable for complex and high-precision material processing and batch production. Among them, CNC axis is the core configuration to ensure the bending accuracy and efficiency of CNC press brake. Each axis plays a key role in improving the accuracy of bending. Therefore, it is important to understand these axes to optimize the performance and accuracy of the press brake. In this article, we will explore the wonderful world of CNC press brake axis from the aspects of axis definition, how to select appropriate axis configuration, common problems, etc.

What is CNC press brake axis?

What is the press brake back gauge?

The back gauge is installed behind the press brake. It is an important part used to help locate and support the workpiece during bending processing. Its existence can make each bending meet the bending requirements and reduce the rework rate caused by errors. The accuracy and flexibility of the back gauge can help us greatly improve the bending production efficiency and ensure the quality of the finished workpiece.

Accurate definition of “axis” of press brake

The axis in the press brake is responsible for controlling the movement of different parts on the press brake in different directions. When these axes work together, the press brake can accurately complete the bending action. Through X, R, y and other multi axis cooperation, the machine can automatically adjust to the position set by the system to complete the accurate bending angle and shape of the workpiece.

Axis naming rules and common differences

1. single Y and y1/y2

Single Y: common in old-fashioned or economical torsion bar synchronized press brake. It forces the left and right hydraulic cylinders to move synchronously through a torsion bar. The CNC system cannot independently adjust left/right stroke, and cannot independently adjust left/right ram stroke for tilt correction.

Y1/Y2: commonly used in electro-hydraulic servo synchronous (or high-end synchronous control) press brakes, it indicates the independent position closed-loop control on the left and right sides of the ram, usually corresponding to the left and right cylinder circuits. Y1 and Y2 respectively control the downward pressing or return displacement of the ram on both sides, maintain the left-right parallelism of the ram, compensate for the eccentric load when the bending load is uneven, and ensure the consistency and repeatability accuracy of the bending angle.

2. Writing differences of x/x1/x2, r/r1/r2 and z/z1/z2

Y1/Y2: commonly used in electro-hydraulic servo synchronous (or high-end synchronous control) press brakes, it indicates the independent position closed-loop control on the left and right sides of the ram, usually corresponding to the left and right cylinder circuits. Y1 and Y2 respectively control the downward pressing or return displacement of the ram on both sides, maintain the left-right parallelism of the ram, compensate for the eccentric load when the bending load is uneven, and ensure the consistency and repeatability accuracy of the bending angle.

  • X: It refers to the forward and backward movement of the back gauge.
  • X1/X2: indicates that the two backgauge fingers can move back and forth independently.
  • R: It refers to the up and down movement of the back gauge.
  • R1/R2: indicates that the left and right backgauge fingers can rise and fall independently.
  • Z: Refers to the left and right movement of the back gauge.
  • Z1/X2: it means that the two backgauge fingers can be opened or closed independently to adapt to workpieces of different widths.

The number of axes from different manufacturers may be slightly different. For example, some European brands may call the main pressure axis y-axis, while some Japanese brands may have specific axis codes on special models. However, the motion logic of most axes basically conforms to the general standard of “x-front and rear, y-pressure, r-up and down, z-left and right”.

Press Brake Axis Diagram
Press Brake Axis Diagram

Detailed explanation of the main axis of the press brake

Axis name

Control object

Problems solved

Typical working conditions

Y & y1/y2

Ram up and down, left and right synchronization

Left and right synchronous control, improved long workpiece consistency and more stable repeatability accuracy

Long workpiece, thick plate, batch parts with high requirements for angle consistency

X & x1/x2

Backgauge front/back positioning (flange length control)

Complex process of independent positioning and asymmetric realization

Multi specification model change, tight dimensional tolerance and batch positioning

R & r1/r2

Upper and lower height of back gauge finger

Quick adjustment of backgauge fingers height, workpiece turnover / smoother multi process

U-shape, box type, multi-stage bending and flanging

Z & z1/z2

The backgauge fingers move left and right to control the width

Positioning of asymmetric parts, multiple positioning points and rapid adaptation to different widths

Suitable for asymmetric parts, multiple locating points and complex workpieces

V

Deflection compensation

Improve the consistency of bending angle, reduce trial bending and improve the yield

The longer the length and the larger the tonnage, the more obvious, especially for the side plate of the long box

Y-axis (Y1/Y2)

Control the up and down movement of the ram on both sides, with each up and down movement linked to precision and consistency.

  • What is Y-axis control: The Y-axis precisely controls the rise and fall of the ram, determining its depth of pressing into the die.
  • The value of Y1/Y2: When bending long workpieces, any small difference in height between the left and right sides can cause the angles at both ends to be inconsistent with the middle angle. The Y1/Y2 system ensures that the entire ram remains parallel to the bed during operation through real-time monitoring and adjustment, thereby ensuring consistent angle and height of long workpieces from beginning to end and improving the repeatability accuracy of batch production.

X-axis

Front and rear axis of back gauge): It guides the forward and backward movement of the back gauge and is the core of the bending length and positioning size.

  • What is determined by the X-axis: The X-axis is mainly used to guide the forward and backward movement of the back gauge, which directly determines the starting position of the bending line on the sheet, ensuring that each bending is performed on the precise length coordinate. At the same time, it controls the distance between the back gauge finger and the centerline of the die. This distance is the size of the flange length that we need to bend. For example, if you want to bend a 50mm edge, the CNC system will command the X-axis to move to a position 50mm away from the centerline of the die. This automated X-axis positioning greatly reduces the time for clamping and adjustment, improves production efficiency and repeatability accuracy.
  • When will X1/X2 appear: When you need to bend an edge that is not parallel to the bending line, you need to independently position the X1/X2 axis. For example, when processing the beveled edge of a trapezoidal sheet, we need to position the left backgauge fingers (X1) of the back gauge at a closer position and the right backgauge fingers (X2) at a farther position, so that the beveled edge of the sheet can be parallel to the centerline of the die. Therefore, X1/X2 can achieve asymmetric complex processes with higher degrees of freedom. Without X1/X2, it is still possible to achieve alignment through fixtures or manual means, but the efficiency is low and the repeatability is poor; When oblique/asymmetric positioning is frequent, the value of X1/X2 will be very significant. So, the emergence of X1/X2 is determined by whether we have an independent positioning requirement for the processing technology and the equipment design of the manufacturer.

R axis (upper and lower axis of back gauge)

The R axis is mainly responsible for driving the back gauge finger to move accurately in the vertical direction. It is used to control the height of the back gauge and is suitable for bending inclined parts or customized workpieces with height differences.

What does the R axis solve:

  • Avoid interference: Suppose you want to bend a Z-shaped component. After the first bend is completed, you need to flip the workpiece for the second bend. At this point, the flange length that has already been lifted upwards is likely to collide with the back gauge. With the R axis, the back gauge can automatically descend after positioning is completed, making room for the flipping and movement of the workpiece and avoiding collisions.
  • Smooth multi process: When bending complex boxes, it may be necessary to use different heights on one workpiece for positioning. The R-axis can quickly and automatically adjust the height of the back gauge between different bending steps according to program settings, without the need for manual adjustment by the press brake operator, greatly improving the coherence and efficiency of the production process.

Z-axis (Z1/Z2 left and right axes)

Controls the left and right movement of the back gauge, and the Z-axis is particularly useful for bending or handling asymmetric workpieces with significant changes in machining position.

  • Z (linkage): The two backgauge fingers move left and right together;
  • Z1/Z2: Two backgauge fingers move independently left and right (asymmetric positioning/multiple positioning points).

Z-axis function: The Z-axis controls the movement of the back gauge finger in the left and right directions. The most basic function is to adjust the spacing between two backgauge fingers based on the width of the workpiece, in order to stably position the workpiece.

Value of Z1/Z2:

  • Complex workpieces: The Z1/Z2 axis provides independent movement capability for the left and right backgauge fingers, which means it can achieve the machining of complex parts.
  • Asymmetric parts: The positioning points of the workpiece may not be symmetrically distributed. For example, a chassis panel with a cut may require the left finger to be positioned at 200mm and the right finger to be positioned at 800mm. At this time, only Z1/Z2 independent axes can be processed.
  • Multiple positioning points: For some large or irregular workpieces, two positioning points are too few to stabilize the workpiece. Systems with Z1/Z2 axes can typically be extended to four or even more backgauge fingers (Z3/Z4) to achieve multi-point, asymmetric, and complex positioning.

V-axis

Crowning/deflection compensation): responsible for compensating for the deflection generated by the machine tool bed during the bending process, reducing the angle difference between the middle and both ends of the long workpiece.

Why compensation is needed:

According to material mechanics, any beam will bend under stress, and press brakes are no exception. When the ram is pressed down, the huge bending force will cause both the ram and the bed below to produce small, invisible downward bends, that is, deflection. This deformation will cause the distance between the punch and die in the middle of the machine to be larger than the two ends, resulting in longer bent workpieces with a larger angle in the middle than at the two ends. The longer and thicker the sheet, the more obvious this phenomenon becomes. Therefore, a V-axis is needed to compensate for the deflection generated by the machine tool bed during the bending process.

The benefits brought by the V-axis:

  • Consistency improvement: Ensure that the bending angle of each part of the long workpiece is perfectly consistent from left to right.
  • Trial bending reduction: Operators no longer need to manually compensate for angles by placing paper pads on the die. By programming the CNC control system once, accurate and consistent bending angles can be obtained.
  • Improved yield rate: Reduced scrap rate, especially for expensive materials such as stainless steel and aluminum plates, and controlled costs.

Common axis configurations and their meanings

Note: Axis naming and axis counting can vary by brand and controller. Always confirm the Controlled Axes list and the backgauge axis diagram in the official specification.

How to read the axis configuration: 2 axes, 3+1, 4+1, 6+1, 8+1 logic

Manufacturers usually use “N+1” to represent the number of axes.

  • N: Represents the basic control axes (such as Y1, Y2, X, R, Z1, Z2).
  • +1: Usually refers to the V-axis (automatic compensation axis), which does not participate in the geometric coordinate positioning of the workpiece, but is used to compensate for the angle difference caused by force deflection. However, some compensation axes from different manufacturers have different counting methods, so when purchasing, it is necessary to confirm each item according to the “number of control axes” in the specification table.

Configuration Comparison Table

The names, capability profiles, and usage scenarios of different axis configurations are as follows:

Configuration Name

Typical includes axis

Capability Profile

Applicable scenarios

2 axes

Y + X

Basic bending with backgauge positioning

The most basic model. Suitable for basic parts, standard parts, simple bending, and low efficiency requirements for changeover

3+1 axis

Y1/Y2 + X + V

Left and right synchronization+deflection compensation, significantly improving angle consistency

Standard precision press brake. Suitable for batch long workpieces with high requirements for angle consistency

4+1 axis

Y1/Y2 + X + R + V

Added automatic adjustment of backgauge fingers height for better efficiency in processing complex parts

Mainstream configuration in the industry. Suitable for workpieces with box, U-shaped, multi pass bending, and high interference

6+1 axis

Y1/Y2 + X + R + Z1/Z2 + V

Add left and right independent positioning, stronger for asymmetric parts/multiple positioning points

Advanced configuration. Suitable for complex processes and mixed production of large and small parts

8+1 axis

Y1/Y2+ X1/X2 + R1/R2 + Z1/Z2 + V

Two backgauge fingers are independent of each other on three axes, with full positioning freedom

Top of the line model. For irregular parts, beveled edges, and heavy-duty multi-stage molds

Is it better to have more axes?

Not so. An increase in the number of axes usually means: more servo motors, drivers, and transmission mechanisms, higher costs, and increased maintenance complexity.

If your product is a simple bending with minimal size changes over the long term, choosing 4+1 axis is more than enough; If you frequently perform multi pass bending with frequent and asymmetric changes, having fewer axes will result in a large amount of manual alignment, flipping, and trial bending, leading to higher overall costs. Therefore, it is best to choose 6+1 axis or 8+1 axis. In short, the choice of axis configuration mainly depends on your machining needs.

Press Brake Axis Diagram

How to choose the appropriate axis configuration

Minimum number of axes required to meet basic bending requirements

The minimum number of axes required for a press brake depends on the complexity of the bending operation, and the most basic press brake requires X and Y axes to complete simple bending tasks. The X-axis guides the forward and backward movement of the back gauge, used to position the workpiece. The Y-axis is responsible for controlling the vertical movement of the ram and applying pressure to the workpiece.

Key factors for selection

  • Workpiece complexity: If the workpiece has a beveled edge, X1/X2 is required; If multiple multi-stage bending with frequent part handling are required during processing, the R axis is needed; If there are multiple width variations, Z1/Z2 are required.
  • Materials and Thickness: Thick plates require high pressure and are more likely to cause deflection of the machine tool bed during the bending process, so a V-axis is needed to compensate.
  • Accuracy and precision requirements:
  • Repetition accuracy: Pursuing higher repeatability accuracy and angle consistency requires Y1/Y2.
  • Positioning accuracy: Pursuing precise positioning requires X1/X2.
  • Angle consistency: Pursuing end-to-end angle consistency requires Y1/Y2+V.
  • Back Gauge Requirements: The flexibility of the back gauge system determines the range of workpieces you can process. R. Additional axes such as Z1 and Z2 enhance the ability of the back gauge to adapt to different bending sizes and positions.
  • If frequent bending of the box body/multiple passes is required, and the backgauge fingers need to be frequently raised and lowered to avoid, then the R axis needs to be configured.
  • If asymmetric parts are frequently made and the left and right positioning points are different, Z1/Z2 axes need to be configured.
  • Mold and Process Precautions: When the mold structure is relatively complex, the backgauge fingers need to have special avoidance ability, and the advantage of the Z-axis being able to move flexibly becomes apparent.
  • Automation and Software Integration: If you plan to connect robots for automatic loading and unloading in the future, the independent axis of the back gauge (X1/X2, R1/R2, Z1/Z2) and programmable compensation will be more critical.
  • Site Space and Layout Limitations: The more axes there are, the larger the volume of the back gauge mechanism is usually. Therefore, we need to confirm whether the rear space required for the back gauge to move to the extreme position and whether the safety light curtain area on the side is large enough.
  • Budget and Maintenance Capability: We need to plan the budget reasonably while meeting the process requirements. At the same time, evaluate your team’s technical ability to perform daily maintenance and basic troubleshooting on more complex machines.

Typical application scenarios for different axis configurations

1. Simple Parts/Standard Parts

If the materials we usually process are simple parts/standard components, then our requirement for axis configuration is to achieve basic positioning and stability. The common choices are mostly 2-axis or 3+1-axis.

The triggering conditions include the following points:

  • Less bends and interference
  • The size changes are not frequent
  • The length of the workpiece is not large or the requirement for end-to-end angle consistency is not high

If the workpiece is too long and the customer is sensitive to consistency, 3+1 (with V-axis) can reduce the end-to-end angle difference and trial bending, which is a better choice.

2. Conventional sheet metal parts/enclosures/cabinets/frequently replaced models

If the materials we usually process are some conventional sheet metal parts/box cabinets that require multiple bending and interference, and we want to improve bending efficiency, 4+1 or 6+1 axes are more suitable.

The triggering conditions include the following points:

  • Multiple bends and flanging, often requiring lifting and avoiding of the backgauge fingers (with R axis)
  • Frequent changeover, hoping to reduce manual adjustment and trial bending
  • There are different widths and positioning points, and the processing flow is complex (requiring Z1/Z2)

3. Asymmetric / Complex Localization / Multiple Localization Points

If we need two independent backgauge fingers with three axes each and require higher positioning freedom, 6+1 or 8+1 is a more perfect choice.

The triggering conditions include the following points:

  • There are many asymmetric components, and the positioning points on the left and right sides are often different
  • Double point positioning is required to prevent rotation and deviation
  • Plan automation and try not to rely on manual fine-tuning as much as possible

How to read specification sheets and quotations

Shaft related parameters that must be checked in the specification table

1. Controlled Axes List

This is the most important part, which will clearly list whether this machine includes axes Y1, Y2, X, R, Z1, Z2, V, etc. We need to carefully review and ensure that what is listed here is consistent with the sales commitment.

2. Back gauge stroke/speed/repeat positioning accuracy

  • Travel: The X-axis travel determines the maximum fold size you can fold; The R-axis stroke determines the lifting range of the rear gear, whether it is sufficient to avoid interference from your workpiece; The Z-axis stroke determines the range of left and right movement of the backgauge fingers.
  • Speed: The movement speed of the X and R axes directly affects the machining cycle time, which is a key indicator determining efficiency.
  • Repetitive positioning accuracy: This is the core indicator for measuring the quality of rear blocking materials, usually represented by “±”. The higher the precision, the higher the dimensional consistency of mass production. Usually it should be between ± 0.01mm and ± 0.05mm, subject to the manufacturer’s specifications and acceptance standards.

3. Types of Compensation Systems

  • Controllable: Confirm that the V-axis is “CNC controlled automatic compensation” instead of manual wedge or fixed compensation.
  • Compensation method: Understand whether the compensation method is mechanical compensation or hydraulic compensation. Generally, mechanical compensation has higher accuracy and is more durable.
  • Applicable length: Understand its maximum compensation amount and applicable bed length.

4. Control System Functions

  • Material library: The control system needs to be able to automatically call preset processing parameters based on the material type, and the motion control of the axis must be bound to the material library. The movement speed and positioning accuracy of the X and Y axes need to match the thickness and material of the sheets stored in the material library. So, we need to understand the information of the material library in the control system.
  • Compensation mechanism: Understand whether the system can automatically calculate and compensate for the Y-axis compression based on the rebound coefficient in the material library.
  • Program management: Check if the specification sheet supports functions such as “program storage capacity, network import and export”.

Common Misconceptions and Avoiding Pitfalls

1. Similarly write “6+1”, different manufacturers have different axis definitions/independent methods

Some manufacturers may define 6+1 as Y1/Y2+X+R+Z1/Z2+V, while others may define it as Y1/Y2+X1/X2+R+Z+V. The latter’s Z-axis is not independent and has completely different capabilities. So we must carefully read the axis list and the specific motion diagram.

2. Has Z-axis ≠ has Z1/Z2 independent positioning

There is a significant difference in function and meaning between having a Z-axis and a Z1/Z2 axis. Many basic configuration tables will write ‘Z-axis’, but this usually refers to the linkage of two backgauge fingers and cannot independently adjust the spacing. Only by clearly stating the Z1/Z2 axes can they be independently programmed and moved. This is one of the most common pitfalls that leads to selection errors.

3. Only looking at the number of axes without considering the stroke/accuracy/structure can easily make it look high-end but not easy to use

The more axes a press brake has, the better its usability does not necessarily mean it is more useful. It depends on the back gauge travel, repeat positioning accuracy, and structural rigidity of the press brake. For example, a 4+1 axis machine with a high-precision grating ruler, fast ball screw, and powerful servo motor may have much higher production efficiency and finished product quality than a 6+1 axis machine with a regular configuration and slow screw.

What are the global standards and regulations that affect the design of press brake axes?

Safety is the first element of production, and the design of press brakes is influenced by safety regulations in different regions.

  • EU Market:
  • The requirements are extremely strict. The EU’s mechanical compliance is usually carried out around the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, which requires the installation of laser safety protection (such as DSP or LazerSafe), and there must be protective barriers or safety light curtains when the rear blocking material moves. The system must have dual loop monitoring. The more press brake axes and the more complex the linkage, the more reliable safety related control design and verification are needed. This is also why European customers often include safety configurations in their technical agreements. The specific regulations and customer requirements of the destination country shall prevail.
  • North American market
  • There are also strict safety protection requirements, which may include common safety light curtains, physical protective barriers, and dual hand controls. Customers or local regulations will specify specific requirements.
Press Brake Axis Diagram

Common problems and maintenance strategies of axis system

Common problems with multi axis CNC Press Brake

1. Back gauge misalignment

Common reasons:

  • Mechanical displacement caused by long-term collision
  • Loose ball screw
  • Loose coupling

Solution:

  • Re tighten the mechanical connectors
  • Clean the ball screw and re lubricate it
  • Execute axis calibration program

2. Inconsistent bending angles

Common reasons:

  • Grating ruler contamination leads to Y1/Y2 reading deviation
  • Improper setting or failure to activate V-axis deflection compensation parameters

Solution:

  • Execute Y-axis synchronous calibration program in CNC system
  • Check the program to ensure that deflection compensation has been correctly calculated and activated based on the current material and thickness

3. Axis control failure

Common reasons:

  • Servo drive overload
  • Cable wear, open circuit or poor contact

Solution:

  • Check the alarm codes on the drive and refer to the manual to investigate the cause
  • Check and tighten all cable joints of motors and encoders

4. Excessive wear of mechanical components

Common reasons:

  • Insufficient lubrication or incorrect use of lubricant.
  • Long term overloaded operation of the machine
  • Dust and metal shavings have entered the guide rail or ball screw

Solution:

  • Regularly add the specified lubricating oil to the guide rail and ball screw according to the manual
  • Reasonably arrange production and avoid long-term use of maximum tonnage work
  • Regularly clean the equipment, especially check if the protective cover of the moving parts is intact

5. Hydraulic Leakage

Common reasons:

  • The sealing ring is aging or damaged
  • Loose oil pipe joint

Solution:

  • Regularly inspect and replace aging seals.
  • Regularly inspect and tighten all hydraulic pipeline joints

Standard procedures for daily maintenance, preventive maintenance, and axis zero-point calibration

Daily maintenance:

  • 1. Clean the work area daily, removing metal shavings, residues, and oil stains from the bed and back gauge.
  • 2. Check if there is any obvious damage to the punch and die, and wipe them clean.
  • 3. Check if the emergency stop button and safety light curtain are functioning properly.
  • 4. After starting up, let the machine run without load for a few cycles and check for any abnormal noise.

Preventive maintenance (weekly/monthly):

  • 1. Check and clean the guide rails and ball screws of all axes, and lubricate them according to the lubrication chart.
  • 2. Check the hydraulic oil level and temperature, and inspect the oil circuit for any signs of leakage.
  • 3. Check the tension of the back gauge synchronous belt.
  • 4. Clean the dust filter of the electrical cabinet.

Axis zero point verification:

  • 1. The operator enters the maintenance or setup menu of the CNC system and selects the axis to be calibrated (usually starting from Y1/Y2, followed by X, R, Z).
  • 2. The system will guide the operator to manually move the axis to the physical zero position using precision tools such as gauge blocks and dial indicators.
  • 3. After confirming the location, save the current mechanical coordinates as the new zero point in the system.

Summary

CNC bending axes can manufacture high-precision parts with high efficiency, greatly improving the economic benefits of factories. Different axes are influenced by various factors such as materials, back gauges, and budget. Whether you use Y1 and Y2 axes for ram movement or Z1 and Z2 axes for precise back gauge positioning, each axis is crucial for producing high-precision and high-quality finished products. We need to choose the appropriate axis configuration based on the material, thickness, length, and process requirements of the workpiece. If you have any purchasing needs, please feel free to contact RaymaxTech. You can send us your workpiece drawings, materials, dimensions, etc. We will provide you with customized solutions for axis selection and professional technical consultation.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

The main function is to precisely drive the ram, back gauge and other components of the press brake in different directions through the CNC controller, in order to achieve automatic and precise control of the bending angle, bending size and workpiece positioning, and achieve efficient, stable and automated bending of metal sheets.

Y1/Y2 indicate independent control and synchronization on both sides, which can improve left and right consistency and facilitate left and right fine-tuning and correction; The single Y-axis is mechanically forced to synchronize, and the CNC system can only control the depth of compression uniformly, and cannot adjust the force on the left and right sides separately.

It is most valuable when processing asymmetric parts, requiring multiple positioning points, and requiring both left and right backgauge fingers to be positioned at different positions simultaneously.

Usually represents the V-axis, which is the deflection compensation axis controlled by CNC.

It can offset the angle difference between the two ends and the middle of the long workpiece caused by the deformation of the machine tool under pressure

Not necessarily. The number of axes represents the complexity and flexibility of the function, while the precision of bending depends more on the structural rigidity of the machine, the quality of the servo control system, and the assembly process. The production efficiency and finished product quality of a high-quality 4+1 axis machine may be superior to cheap 6+1 axis machines.

The most easily overlooked factors are the repeated positioning accuracy of the back gauge, the adjustment range of the R axis, and the maximum movement speed of the X axis. These parameters directly affect the actual processing range and production efficiency of the machine.

The lubrication status of the guide rail and ball screw, as well as whether the grating ruler is kept clean.

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Francis Pan

Francis Pan

Francis Pan is the Foreign Trade Manager of RAYMAX, with over 10 years of experience in sheet metal fabrication equipment and CNC machinery. He has worked closely with manufacturers worldwide on press brakes, fiber laser cutting machines, fiber laser welding machines, and practical production-oriented metal processing solutions.

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